Thursday, 25 April 2013

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

AbdulKalam.JPG
Abdul Kalam at the 12th Wharton India Economic Forum, 2008
11th President of India
In office
25 July 2002 – 25 July 2007
Prime MinisterAtal Bihari Vajpayee
Manmohan Singh
Vice PresidentBhairon Singh Shekhawat
Preceded byK. R. Narayanan
Succeeded byPratibha Devisingh Patil
Personal details
Born15 October 1931 (age 81)
Rameswaram, India (present day Tamil Nadu, India)
Alma materSt. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli
Madras Institute of Technology
ProfessionProfessor, Author, scientist, president
Aerospace engineer
Websiteabdulkalam.com
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (born 15 October 1931) usually referred to as Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, is an Indianscientist and administrator who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram,Tamil Nadu, studied physics at the St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli, and aerospace engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology (MIT), Chennai.
Before his term as President, he worked as an aerospace engineer with Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) andIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[1] Kalam is popularly known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.[2] He played a pivotal organizational, technical and political role in India's Pokhran-IInuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974. Some scientific experts have however called Kalam a man with no authority over nuclear physics but who just carried on the works of Homi J. Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai.[3]
Kalam was elected the President of India in 2002, defeating Lakshmi Sahgal and was supported by both the Indian National Congressand the Bharatiya Janata Party, the major political parties of India. He is currently a visiting professor at Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad and Indian Institute of Management Indore, Chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, a professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University (Chennai), JSS University (Mysore) and an adjunct/visiting faculty at many other academic and research institutions across India.
Kalam advocated plans to develop India into a developed nation by 2020 in his book India 2020. Books authored by him have received considerable demands in South Korea for the translated versions.[4] He has received several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour. Kalam is known for his motivational speeches and interaction with the student community in India.[5] He launched his mission for the youth of the nation in 2011 called the What Can I Give Movement with a central theme to defeat corruption in India.




Early life and education

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 in a Tamil Muslim family to Jainulabdeen, a boat owner and Ashiamma, a housewife, at Rameswaram, located in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.[6][7][8][9] He came from a poor background and started working at an early age to supplement his family's income.[10] After completing school, Kalam distributed newspapers in order to financially contribute to his father's income.[10][11] In his school years, he had average grades, but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn and spend hours on his studies, especially mathematics.[11]
"I inherited honesty and self-discipline from my father; from my mother, I inherited faith in goodness and deep kindness as did my three brothers and sisters."
—A quote from Kalam's autobiography[8]
After completing his school education at the Rameshwaram Elementary School, Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli, then affiliated with the University of Madras, from where he graduated in physics in 1954.[12] Towards the end of the course, he was not enthusiastic about the subject and would later regret the four years he studied it. He then moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering.[9] While Kalam was working on a senior class project, the Dean was dissatisfied with the lack of progress and threatened revoking his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next two days. He worked tirelessly on his project and met the deadline, impressing the Dean who later said, "I [Dean] was putting you [Kalam] under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline".[13]

[edit]Career as scientist

This was my first stage, in which I learnt leadership from three great teachers—Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, Prof. Satish Dhawan and Dr. Brahm Prakash. This was the time of learning and acquisition of knowledge for me.
“
”
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam[14]
After graduating from Madras Institute of Technology (MIT – Chennai) in 1960, Kalam joined Aeronautical Development Establishment of Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) as a scientist. Kalam started his career by designing a small helicopter for the Indian Army, but remained unconvinced with the choice of his job at DRDO.[15] Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist.[9] In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) where he was the project director of India's first indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near earth orbit in July 1980. Joining ISRO was one of Kalam's biggest achievements in life and he is said to have found himself when he started to work on the SLV project. Kalam first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[1] In 1969, Kalam received the government's approval and expanded the program to include more engineers.[14]
Kalam addresses engineering students atIIT Guwahati
In 1963–64, he visited Nasa's Langley Research Center in Hampton Virginia, Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland andWallops Flight Facility situated at Eastern Shore of Virginia.[7][16] During the period between the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an effort to develop the Polar SLV and SLV-III projects, both of which proved to be success.
Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the country's first nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL, even though he had not participated in the development, test site preparation and weapon designing. In the 1970s, a landmark was achieved by ISRO when the locally built Rohini-1 was launched into space, using the SLV rocket.[17] In the 1970s, Kalam also directed two projects, namely, Project Devil and Project Valiant , which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the successful SLV programme.[17] Despite the disapproval of Union Cabinet, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace projects through her discretionary powers under Kalam's directorship.[17] Kalam played an integral role convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified aerospace projects.[17] His research and educational leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile program under his directorship.[17] Kalam and Dr. V. S. Arunachalam, metallurgist and scientific adviser to the Defense Minister, worked on the suggestion by the then Defense Minister, R. Venkataraman on a proposal for simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one by one.[18] R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating 388 crore rupees for the mission, named Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (I.G.M.D.P) and appointed Kalam as the Chief Executive.[18] Kalam played a major part in developing many missiles under the mission including Agni, an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tactical surface-to-surface missile, although the projects have been criticised for mismanagement and cost and time overruns.[18][19] He was the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests were conducted during this period where he played an intensive political and technological role. Kalam served as the Chief Project Coordinator, along with R. Chidambaram during the testing phase.[7][20] Photos and snapshots of him taken by the media elevated Kalam as the country's top nuclear scientist.[21]
In 1998, along with cardiologist Dr.Soma Raju, Kalam developed a low cost Coronary stent. It was named as "Kalam-Raju Stent" honouring them.[22][23] In 2012, the duo, designed a rugged tablet PC for health care in rural areas, which was named as "Kalam-Raju Tablet".[24]

[edit]Presidency

Kalam served as the 11th President of India, succeeding K. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing 107,366 votes won byLakshmi Sahgal. He served from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007.
On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed to the leader of opposition, Indian National Congress president Sonia Gandhithat they would propose Kalam for the post of President.[25] The Samajwadi Party and the Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy.[26][27] After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for him, President K. R. Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in office and hence left the field clear for Kalam to become the 11th President of India.[28]
I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere both in Internet and in other media, I have been asked for a message. I was thinking what message I can give to the people of the country at this juncture.
—Kalam responding to the announcement of his candidature by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee[29]
On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the Parliament of India, accompanied by Vajpayee and his senior Cabinet colleagues.[30]
Kalam along with Vladimir Putin andManmohan Singh during his presidency
The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July 2002 in the Parliament and the state assemblies with media claiming that the election was a one-sided affair and Kalam's victory was a foregone conclusion. The counting was held on 18 July.[31] Kalam won the presidential election in a highly one-sided contest. He became the 11th president of the Republic of India.[32] He moved into theRashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July.[33] Kalam was the third President of India to have been honoured with a Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, before becoming the President. Dr. Sarvapali Radhakrishnan (1954) and Dr. Zakir Hussain (1963) were the earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became the President of India.[34] He was also the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.[35]
During his term as President, he was affectionately known as the People's President.[36][37][38] In his words, signing the Office of Profit Bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure.[39]
Kalam is criticized for inaction as a President in deciding the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions.[40] Article 72 of the Constitution of India empowers the President of India to grant pardon, suspend and remit death sentences and commute the death sentence of convicts on death row.[40][41] Kalam acted on only one mercy plea in his 5 year tenure as a President, rejecting the plea of rapist Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who was hanged thereafter.[40] The most important of the 20 pleas is thought to be that of Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was convicted of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of India in 2004.[41] While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, the pending action on the mercy plea resulted in him continuing in the death row.[41]
At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007 presidential election.[42] However, two days later, he decided not to contest the Presidential election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavan from any political processes.[43] He did not have the support of the Left parties, Shiv Sena and UPA constituents to receive a renewed mandate.[44][45]
Nearing the term expiry of the 12th President Pratibha Patil, whose tenure ended on 24 July 2012, media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.[46][47][48] After the reports, social networking sites were abuzz with activities extending their support for his candidature.[49][50] BJP potentially backed his nomination, saying that the party will lend their support if Trinamool Congress, Samajwadi Party and Indian National Congress proposes his name for the 2012 presidential election.[51][52] Just a month ahead of the election, Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee also expressed their support to Kalam and revealed that they both would suggest his name.[53] Days after expressing support, Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out, leaving Mamata Banerjee as a solitary supporter.[54] On 18 June 2012, Kalam refused to contest 2012 presidential poll after much speculations.[55]
Many, many citizens have also expressed the same wish. It only reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the people. I am really overwhelmed by this support. This being their wish, I respect it. I want to thank them for the trust they have in me."
—Kalam's message to public upon denying to contest Presidential poll 2012.[55]

[edit]Criticisms and controversies

The controversy that surrounds Kalam's role as a nuclear scientist, is the lack of reliable and factual reporting of the yield of Pokhran-II tests.[56] The director of the site test, K. Santhanam, publicly admitted that the thermonuclear bomb was a "fizzle" test, criticising Kalam for issuing the wrong report.[56] However, Kalam dismissed the claims and R. Chidambaram, a key associate of Pokhran-II, also described these claims as incorrect.[57]

[edit]Personal attacks

In spite of his leading role in the development of Indian nuclear programme, Kalam has received criticism from many of his peers who claimed that he had "no authority" over nuclear science.[58] Homi Sethna, a chemical engineer criticised Kalam claiming that Kalam had no background in publishing articles in nuclear science, even in nuclear physics. Sethna maintained that Kalam received his masters degree in aerospace engineering, which is a completely different discipline from nuclear engineering, and what various universities awarded him for his achievements had nothing to do with nuclear physics. Sethna, in his last interview, maintained that in the 1950s, Kalam had failed advanced physics courses during his college life and quoted "What does he know (about [nuclear] physics)....?", on the national television. Homi Sethna also accused Kalam of using his presidency to gain a national stature of a nuclear scientist.[59]
Others felt that Kalam had never worked in any of the Indian nuclear power plants and had no role in developing the nuclear weapon which was completed under Raja Ramanna.[60]Kalam worked as an aerospace engineer in a SLV project in the 1970s and from the 1980s onwards, as a project director before he moved to Defence Research and Development Organisation.[61]
In 2008, Indian media questioned his claims about his personal contributions to missile inventions while working in a classified missile programme. The media questioned Kalam taking credit of inventing the Agni, Prithvi and Aakash missile system, while all of these were developed, researched and designed by a group of scientists headed by Kalam and he was involved in getting the funds and other logistic tasks. R. N. Agarwal, former director, Advanced System Laboratory and former Program Director of Agni missile was considered to be the real architect behind the successful design of Agni Missile.[61][62] In his own biography, Kalam credited the development of Agni missile to Dr. Ram Narayan Agarwal, an alumnus of MIT. For the Prithvi missile project, he named Col VJ Sundaram as the brain behind this project and for the Trishul missile, he gave credit to Commander SR Mohan.[63]In 2006, senior media correspondent Praful Bidwai, in the The Daily Star, wrote that two aerospace projects, Project Valiant and Project Devil, which were authorised by former Premier Indira Gandhi under the directorship of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, resulted in "total failure". In the 1980s, these projects were ultimately cancelled by the government under the pressure of the Indian Army.[64]
Kalam was also criticised by civil groups over his stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant, where he supported setting up of the nuclear power plant and never spoke with the local people.[65] The protesters were hostile to his visit as they perceived to him to be a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the assurance provided by him on the safety features of the plant.[66]
Frisking by American security authorities
Kalam was frisked at the JFK Airport in New York, while boarding a plane on 29 September 2011. He was subjected to "private screening" as he does not come under the category of dignitaries exempt from security screening procedures under American guidelines. He was frisked again after boarding the Air India aircraft with the US security officials asking for his jacket and shoes, claiming that these items were not checked according to the prescribed procedures during the "private screening", despite protests from the airline crew confirming him as India's president.[67][68] The incident was not reported until 13 November 2011.[69] India threatened retaliatory action as there was a "general sense of outrage" around the country.[70] The Indian Ministry of External Affairs protested over this incident and a statement by the ministry said that the US Government had written a letter to Kalam, expressing its deep regret for the inconvenience.[68]
Kalam was previously frisked by the ground staff of the Continental Airlines at the Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi in July 2009 and was treated like an ordinary passenger, despite him being on the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security's list of people exempted from security screening in India.[71]

[edit]Future India: 2020

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam delivering a speech
In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly advocates an action plan to develop India into a knowledge superpower and a developed nation by the year 2020. He regards his work on India's nuclear weapons program as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.
It was reported that, there was a considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books authored by him.[72]
Kalam continues to take an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology. He has proposed a research program for developing bio-implants. He is a supporter of Open Source over proprietary solutions and believes that the use of free software on a large scale will bring the benefits of information technology to more people.[73]
Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999.[11] In his own words, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available."[11] He continued to interact with students during his term as a President and also during his post-presidency period as a visiting professor at Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad[74] and Indian Institute of Management Indore,[75] Chancellorof Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram,[76] a professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University (Chennai),[77] JSS University (Mysore),[78]and an adjunct/visiting faculty at many other academic and research institutions across India.

[edit]Popular culture

In May 2011, Kalam launched his mission for the youth of the nation called the What Can I Give Movement with a central theme to defeat corruption.[79][80] He also has interests in writing Tamil poetry and in playing veenai, a South Indian string instrument.[81]
He was nominated for the MTV Youth Icon of the Year award in 2003[82][83] and in 2006.[84] In the 2011 Hindi film I Am Kalam, Kalam is portrayed as an extremely positive influence to a poor but bright Rajasthani boy named Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol.[85]

[edit]Awards and honours

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam's 79th birthday was recognised as World Students' Day by United Nations.[86] He has also received honorary doctorates from 40 universities.[87][88] The Government of India has honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Government.[89] In 1997, Kalam received India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, for his immense and valuable contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India.[90]
Year of award or honourName of award or honourAwarding organisation
2012Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa)Simon Fraser University[91]
2011IEEE Honorary MembershipIEEE[92]
2010Doctor of EngineeringUniversity of Waterloo[93]
2009Hoover MedalASME Foundation, USA[94]
2009International von Kármán Wings AwardCalifornia Institute of Technology, U.S.A[95]
2008Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa)Nanyang Technological University, Singapore[96]
2007King Charles II MedalRoyal Society, U.K[97][98][99]
2007Honorary Doctorate of ScienceUniversity of Wolverhampton, U.K[100]
2000Ramanujan AwardAlwars Research Centre, Chennai[101]
1998Veer Savarkar AwardGovernment of India[9]
1997Indira Gandhi Award for National IntegrationGovernment of India[9][101]
1997Bharat RatnaGovernment of India[101][102]
1990Padma VibhushanGovernment of India[101][103]
1981Padma BhushanGovernment of India[101][103]

[edit]Books and documentaries

Kalam's writings
  • Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Roddam Narasimha; Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988[104]
  • India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by A. P. J Abdul Kalam, Y. S. Rajan; New York, 1998.[105]
  • Wings of Fire: An Autobiography by A. P. J Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari; Universities Press, 1999.[7]
  • Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; Viking, 2002.[106]
  • The Luminous Sparks by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2004.[107]
  • Mission India by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Paintings by Manav Gupta; Penguin Books, 2005[108]
  • Inspiring Thoughts by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; Rajpal & Sons, 2007[109]
  • Indomitable Spirit by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; Rajpal and Sons Publishing[110]
  • Envisioning an Empowered Nation by APJ Abdul Kalam with A. Sivathanu Pillai; Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi
  • You Are Born To Blossom: Take My Journey Beyond by A. P. J Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari; Ocean Books, 2011.[111]
  • Turning Points: A journey through challenges by A. P. J Abdul Kalam; Harper Collins India, 2012.[112]
Biographies
  • Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr. Kalam by S. Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.[113]
  • President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam by R. K. Pruthi; Anmol Publications, 2002.[114]
  • A. P. J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India by K. Bhushan, G. Katyal; A.P.H. Pub. Corp, 2002.[115]
  • A Little Dream (documentary film) by P. Dhanapal; Minveli Media Works Private Limited, 2008.[116]
  • The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President by P.M. Nair; Harper Collins, 2008.[117]
  • My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr.A.K. George; Novel Corporation, 2009.[118]

[edit]See also

[edit]References

  1. ^ a b editor; Ramchandani, vice president Dale Hoiberg; editor South Asia, Indu (2000). A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas to Cypress).. New Delhi: Encyclopædia Britannica (India). p. 2. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.
  2. ^ Pruthi, R. K. (2005). "Ch. 4. Missile Man of India".President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Anmol Publication. pp. 61–76. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6.
  3. ^ Sen, Amartya (2003). "India and the Bomb". In M. V. Ramana and C. Rammanohar Reddy. Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream. Sangam Book. pp. 167–188.ISBN 978-81-250-2477-4.
  4. ^ A.P.J.Abdul, Kalam (2012-06). Spirit of India. Reem Publications Pvt.ltd. ISBN 8183512046.
  5. ^ "Dr A P J Abdul Kalam visits Rukmini Devi Public School". The Indian Express. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  6. ^ "Dr Abdul Kalam, People's President in Sri Lanka".Daily News (Sri Lanka) via HighBeam Research. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d Kalam, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul; Tiwari, Arun (1 January 1999). Wings of Fire: An Autobiography. Universities Press. ISBN 978-81-7371-146-6. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  8. ^ a b Jai, Janak Raj (1 January 2003). Presidents of India, 1950–2003. Regency Publications. p. 296.ISBN 978-81-87498-65-0. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d e "Bio-data: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 1 March 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  10. ^ a b Sharma, Mahesh; Das, P.K.; Bhalla, P. (2004).Pride Of The Nation : Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-288-0806-7. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  11. ^ a b c d Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (2002). A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 1–10,153.
  12. ^ K. Raju; S. Annamalai (24 September 2006). "Kalam meets the teacher who moulded him". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  13. ^ Dixit, Sumita Vaid (18 March 2010). "The boy from Rameswaram who became President". Rediff.com. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  14. ^ a b "Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam".National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  15. ^ Gopalakrishnan, Karthika (23 June 2009). "Kalam tells students to follow their heart". The Times of India (Chennai, India). Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  16. ^ Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. (November 1989). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. pp. 32–. ISSN 00963402. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  17. ^ a b c d e "Missile Chronology, 1971–1979" (PDF). James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at Monterey Institute of International Studies, Nuclear Threat Initiative. July 2003. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  18. ^ a b c "The prime motivator". Frontline. 22 June – 5 July 2002. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  19. ^ Pandit, Rajat (9 January 2008). "Missile plan: Some hits, misses". The Times Of India. TNN. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  20. ^ Jerome M. Conley (2001). Indo-Russian military and nuclear cooperation: lessons and options for U.S. policy in South Asia. Lexington Books. p. 106.ISBN 978-0-7391-0217-6. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  21. ^ ANI (8 November 2011). "Koodankulam nuclear plant: A. P. J. Abdul Kalam's safety review has failed to satisfy nuke plant protestors, expert laments". The Economic Times (Chennai, India). Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  22. ^ "Story of indigenous stents". The Hindu-Businessline (India). 15 August 2001.
  23. ^ "The stent man". Rediff-News (India). 19 December 1998.
  24. ^ "Now, ‘Kalam-Raju tablet' for healthcare workers".The Hindu (India). Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  25. ^ Times News Network (11 June 2002). "NDA’s smart missile: President Kalam". The Economic Times. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  26. ^ "SP to support Kalam for President's post".Rediff.com. 11 June 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  27. ^ "NCP supports Kalam's candidature for presidentship". Rediff.com. 11 June 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  28. ^ "Narayanan opts out, field clear for Kalam".Rediff.com. 11 June 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  29. ^ "Overwhelmed by response: Kalam". Rediff.com. 13 June 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  30. ^ "Presidential nominee Abdul Kalam files nomination papers". Rediff.com. 18 June 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  31. ^ "Polling for presidential election begins".Rediff.com. 15 July 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  32. ^ Ved, Mahendra (26 July 2002). "Kalam is 11th President in 12th term". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  33. ^ "Abdul Kalam elected President". The Hindu. 18 July 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  34. ^ "List of Bharat Ratna Awardees" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, India. 2010. p. 2. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  35. ^ "A P J Kalam is sworn in as India's eleventh President". Rediff.com. 25 July 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  36. ^ Tyagi, Kavita; Misra, Padma. Basic Technical Communication. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 124.ISBN 978-81-203-4238-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  37. ^ "APJ Abdul Kalam is people's president: Mamata Banerjee". CNN-IBN. Press Trust of India. 19 June 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  38. ^ Perappadan, Bindu Shajan (14 April 2007). "The people's President does it again". The Hindu(Chennai, India). Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  39. ^ "Signing office of profit bill was toughest decision: A P J Kalam". The Economic Times (Coimbatore). 18 July 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  40. ^ a b c "The journey of a mercy plea". The New Indian Express. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  41. ^ a b c V., Venkatesan (28–10 March April 2009). "Mercy Guidelines". Frontline. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
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